What is the definition of Leadership? Keeping in view the leadership styles (Autocratic, Democratic & Laissez-fair), please fill in the given table


Solution:
“Leadership is the ability to get a person to do what you want to do, when you want it done, in a way it done, because he wants to do it.” (Dwight D. Eisenhower in Galloway 1990,)
“Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen.” Alan Keith.
Leadership is the “process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task”. M Chemers
“Leadership is the ability to secure desirable actions from a group of followers voluntarily without the use of coercion,” Alford and beatty. 
Leadership Styles
Descriptions
Advantage
Weakness
Autocratic
The leader tells his or her employees what he wants done and how to it is to be accomplished: the leader does not take their advice in the matter.
§  When you need to take quick decision like crisis situation, work load pressure.
§  May be valuable in some types of business where decisions need to be made quickly and decisively.
§  Leader uses this because there is not time and the member ran out of ideas.



§  Limit worker knowledge about goals to just the next step to be performed
§  Sometime give feedback that is punitive
§  The leader use fear and threats to get the job done- bossy
§  High degree of dependency on the leader because he makes all the decisions without referring anyone else.
§  It can create demotivation and alienation of staff.
§  Does not trust anybody ,truest deficient style  of the leader
§  Mostly decision are taken by the leader
Democratic
The leader includes one or more employees in the decision making process, but retains the final decision making authority
§  Encourages decision making from different perspective
§  Consultative, persuasive.
§  Mutually beneficial allows employees to become part of the team and allows the leader to make better decisions
§  Helps improve motivation and involvement- workers feel ownership of the firm and its idea
§  Improves the sharing of experiences and ideas with the business 
§  Required mature, knowledgeable and skilled , experience , capable people as team member 
§  Style is used when there is enough time
§  Can delay decision making.
§  High demand of honesty , trustworthy

Laissez fair
The leader allows free reign to the employees and let them make decisions, however the leader is still responsible for the decision that are made.
§  Non-interference in the affairs of the others, employees have the knowledge or able to analysis the situation to determine what to do and how to do.
§  Useful in business where creative idea are important
§  Relies on good team work
§  Relies on good interpersonal relations.
§  Leader provide necessary material








§  Use only when leader have full trust and confidence in their team members.  
§  It is not ideal in situations where group members lack the knowledge or the experience they need to complete tasks and make decisions. Because some people are not good at setting their own deadlines, managing their own projects
and solving problems on their own
§  Leader avoid given feedback
§  Leader participate only to answer question









Q No 2: What is the definition of Management? Briefly describe the four functions of management in your own words.
Solution:
“Management is the art of “knowing what you want to do” and then seeing that it is done in the best and cheapest way. F.W. Taylor
Management is the function that coordinates the efforts of people to accomplish goals and objective using available resources efficiently and effectively. It entails all of the basic management functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.
“Management is the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized groups.” Harold Koontz
Management as a process “consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling, performed to determine and accomplish the objective by the use of people and resources” George R. Terry
Planning: planning involve setting goals and deciding how next to achieve them. To get target results manage each & every possibility and avoiding unwanted / unnecessary problem. Basically it function defining goals, establishing strategies for achieving those goals. And develop comprehensive set of plans to plans to integrate and coordinate activities. Planning is necessary to ensure proper utilization of human & non-human resources. It’s concerned with both ends (what’s to be done) and means (how it’s to be done). It is an intellectual activity and also helps in avoiding confusion, gives the direction, reduces the impact of change and uncertainty, establishes coordinated effort, and sets the standards used in controlling.
Organizing: it refers to allocating and arranging resources.  It is the process of bringing together physical, financial and human resources and developing productive relationship amongst them for achievement of organizational goals. It involves the process of determining what tasks are to be done. Who is to don them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, and where decisions are to be make
Leading: influencing others to work toward goals. Leading is a process of influencing other toward the achievement of organizational goals. Leadership is what makes things happen in organizations. Leading involve motivate subordinates, influence individuals or teams s they work, select the most effective communication channels or dealing in any way with employee behaviour issues.
Controlling: regulating activities to reach goals. Control is essential for achieving objective of an enterprise. It involves monitoring actual performance, comparing actual to standard and taking corrective action if necessary.  The planning of various activities does not ensure automatic implementation of policies. Control is the process which enables management to get organization polices implemented and take corrective action if performance is not according to the pre-determined standard.

References:
EDU 602 lecture, hand-outs,
EDU 301 and EDU 402, lecture, hand-outs,   Google, Yahoo search, Wikipedia, Leadership and Management articles …
http://www.leadership501.com/definition-of-management/21/https://www.slideshare.net/ZohraRubab/functions-of-management-13000244 http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2011/04/what-is-management-definitions-meaning.html https://shankar9119.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/management-11th-edn-by-stephen-p-robbins-mary-coulter-pdf-qwerty80.pdf https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=F2oaGQllNnwC&pg=PA40&dq=management+definition&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6uMeM7oXbAhWENY8KHWHpDq4Q6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=management%20definition&f=falsehttps://books.google.com.pk/books?id=S_8Yf1wTKNoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=management+definition&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6uMeM7oXbAhWENY8KHWHpDq4Q6AEIJDAA#v=onepage&q=management%20definition&f=false https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=B0Lwc6ZEQhcC&pg=PA261&dq=management+definition&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6uMeM7oXbAhWENY8KHWHpDq4Q6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=management%20definition&f=false


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