and dialogue process. Question for clarification: Why do you say this? Questions about viewpoints and perspectives: what would be an alternative? Questions that probe assumptions: What could we assume instead? Questions that probe implications and consequences: What are you implying? Question that probe reasons and evidence: what would be an example? Questions about the questions: What was the point of this question? Me: Currently in Pakistan agriculture income not enough to fulfill all domestic expenses of farmer Socrates: Why do you say this? Me: Because all the agriculture raw material supply at a very low price toward big cites factories and the farmer can’t get right money of sessional crops. Socrates: So what would be an alternative? Me: I think there is need of proper investment to establish factories around those village areas where that corps are available in excessive amount with a very low cost of transportation. So that we could make maximum final product at a very low cost with using that crops in those factories that helps to country’s economy and farmer to get the right prices of his crops. Socrates: What could we assume instead? Me: Another solution of this issue can be the proper implementation of Pakistan government rules and regulations regarding the supplies of raw agriculture crop from field to factory. And also need to organize more awareness programs with proper checks and balances about cultivation that should bring output successfully on a right time. Socrates: What are you implying? Socrates: I am thinking unite and educate my village people to be aware about the government rules and regulations in favorer of farmer to live a life with prosperity in village. Socrates: What would be an example? Me: See, the develop countries farmers how much they are successful, rich and independent. Because they are using new updated technology in agriculture sector with their government support and our unacquainted farmer still using old and time consuming system in agriculture sector. Socrates: What was the point of this question? Me: I want to see my country nation with prosperity living either they live in village areas. There is just need of proper attention, awareness, and investment to make this country a peaceful and prosperous land. Explanation: Dear Sir! In Q1 the words Imaginary dialogue are use so, I chose a real life problem in imaginary sense as a topic for dialogue. Q.2: Reflect on below statement by keeping in mind philosophical thoughts on education in the 21st century. 1. Aristotle excluded women from Higher Education Solution: “I may sometimes be willing to teach for nothing, but if paid at all, I shall never do a man’s work for less than a man’s pay” “Clara Barton” Many women are still excluded from education, and many more are enrolled in school but are not learning enough to prepare them for 21st-century job market’s challenges. In some countries, access to secondary and higher education that help create a skilled and knowledgeable labor force continues to be limited; even where access is not a problem; the quality of the education provided is often low. Though women form the majority of students and university graduates in most countries, but still women earn less and have lower employment rates than men. Even with regard to education and training, gender differences persist in both attainment and choice of courses of study. Women who do enter universities often tend to follow courses in arts and social sciences because they lack competence in scientific and technological fields. While men are more likely to have direct access to wage employment and control over wealth, while women are largely economically dependent upon male family member. Therefore in many countries women’s employment options are limited to a small number of socially acceptable occupations and professions, such as teaching and medicine. Moreover In many countries women must obtain permission from a male relative, usually a husband or father, before seeking employment, requesting a loan, starting a business, or traveling. Such laws often grant women a smaller share of inherited family wealth. As a result, families tend to make greater investments in education for boys than for girls. In developing countries most of Girls often stay home to take care of younger siblings and bear the main burden of housework. While educating a boy is considered a sound investment, it is sometimes considered to be a waste of time for girls. They are shut out of education because of discrimination, poverty, emergencies and culture. These girls have the same hopes and dreams as boys. They want to learn, fulfill their potential, work and help their families and communities. But too often they are treated as second-class. They are exploited, abused and simply disregarded in many countries. Somehow they try to be protective towards women but unfortunately it turned out as dependent woman on men. Q.3. Write an example for Syllogistic reasoning. Solution: Syllogistic reasoning is a form of reasoning where conclusion is drawn on the basis (premises) of two given or assumed propositions. Example 1: Major premise No clocks are bracelets Minor premise All watches are Clocks Conclusion: Therefore, No watches are bracelets Example 2: Major premise No cabinets are chairs Minor premise All tables are cabinets. Conclusion: Therefore, no tables are chairs. Reference: EDU 601 lecture, handouts EDU 406, EDU 402, EDU 301 lectures Google, Wikipedia, yahoo https://testbook.com/blog/syllogisms-quiz-1/ https://www.assessment-training.com/syllogisms https://www.123test.com/verbal-reasoning-test-syllogisms/ https://testbook.com/blog/syllogisms-quiz-1/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/minority_women_are_disappearing_from_biglaw_and_heres_why http://www.testandmore.com/practice-tests/syllogism-1/ http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurydice/documents/thematic_reports/120en.pdf https://www.britannica.com/topic/Women-in-Science-2100321 https://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099080014368/DID_Girls_edu.pdf http://www.unesco.org/education/educprog/wche/principal/women.html https://www.wikigender.org/wiki/womens-access-to-education-in-the-mena-region/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Afghanistan https://girl-stats.org/stats/ https://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/gender-equality-and-womens-empowerment/addressing-gender-programming/promoting-gend
Answer:
Education in accord
with nature was thought to be the first step in insuring this more social
society. It was plainly seen that economic and political limitations were
ultimately dependent upon limitations of thought and feeling. (John Dewey)
Education is the soul
of an individual and nation; it is the beacon which allows the nations to find
the way to the future. Thus a sound education system is essential for every
nation. AS John Dewey supposed education it is a social function and it is the
responsibilities of the peers of the society to ensure that young get a proper
education or not. Education is a
fostering, maturing and nourishing process. It’s like a process of growing a plant
by providing proper water, fertilize same like education is a process that
foster human being, nourish and nurture them. Human being can grow without
education they look like a dry, dead plant which have not freshness and can’t
get nourishment. Education involve communication the general beliefs &
ideals of a society to its young. John Dewey supposed that environment is more
than the surroundings which encompass an individual. It denotes specific
continuity of surroundings. Dewey believed never to educate directly, but
indirectly by means of environment. John Dewey said the social environment
As education system
reflects and strengthens social, cultural & moral values and Pakistan
society cultural values are derived from Islam. Therefore Pakistan’s education
system based on the core values of religion and faith with the vigorous
training and education on social, political and economic ideological ground
which inculcate in children though educational institution with formal and
informal manner. In the Pakistan with the public, private educational
institution many others diverse formal and informal institution are also working
in educational sector as considering their social responsibility in educating
nation. They all are involved in transmitting vigorous tanning, vocational
education with the general beliefs & ideals about its self, social,
society, cultural values in youth for the development of society and country.
These institution provide many opportunities and practical experience to
students in which they learn what is better for them self, society and toward
development and successfully achieve desire goals. Education as social function
realized children that their activities are associated with other human being
and environment in which they are belonging. Education gives exposure them that,
for live in society and spend their life they always have need of other and
communicate with others whether they are belonging from Pakistan and any other countries. For instance
in Pakistan Jumma pray break is taking, therefore all working institution shutdown
for offer pray and a person who is belonging from non- Muslim society or
country should have to understand that there he/she has to take into an account
the consideration of other. So where there is a society the social environment
is very important for interaction. For long period of time practicing these
actions in the result they turn complete according to the social medium which
unconsciously influences every fiber of the character & mind with subtle
& pervasively on them whether they are eating, walking on road, talking,
sitting in garden. Schools are reflection of society and social education give
the youth a direction in habits if language, manner and demand that they have
to take of these manners whether they are moving and communicating, sitting and
standing. The adults school environment build in the way in which society want
to give growth children. One society that is outside exists and other society
exists inside school by which medium a child develops come in front. Because it
is control and society oversee that the both values which they told that
include langue and manner by which way both would be develop.
But as educational system is stratified
according to socio-economic class therefore every stratum of society has its
own different kind of education with distinct syllabus and textbooks. These
different systems of education with their own curricula are widening the gulf
among social classes and drifting them away from national unity. Due to
Pakistan education system directionless and weak has not able to develop and
guide its people on sound political and social grounds. There is lack of cohesion in the system and it
is more prone towards general education which does not bring any skilled
manpower to the market. Resulting there is increasing unemployment. This
situation may promote sense of deprivation among the masses. Due to this there
is cultural and political unrest in the society. Besides, there is lack of
educational opportunities for science and technology. In this way the
development of thinking, reasoning and creativity of students is not being
polished. In current era there is more need to take serious consideration about
education problem solution and need to declare education as highest priority.
For provide free and cost effective education there is need to convert
government schools buildings into commercial schools at the high stander level.
There is more need to welcome social media and electronic media to introduce
and contribute to start more educational programs which help to achieve social
stability, Pakistan development and national unity. In public education
institution there is need to use ICT more extensively for education purpose. By
which the public and private education institution reduce and all children gain
equal level education at any society and take a part to improve their living hood, society. To apply Pakistan
education system effectively and successfully there is a need to introduce of
high quality selection procedure of educational sectors candidate and faculty.
And introduce more educational policy, keep check and balance before
introducing curriculum of the public, private institution that it is according
to Pakistan national development education policy or not. The granting license to
the education institution e.g. school, collages the Government department
should conduct complete investigation about institution goals and keep check on
their working. There should be effective education system for all, which
creates unity faith, discipline and produce polished individuals.
Q. 2: Why “Adler:
Paideia Proposal” was not a suitable educational program. Justify your
arguments with at least three examples.
Answer:
Adler is one of the
greatest philosophers who influence in education in a different and in modern
way. He was an American philosopher. He was self-educated high school dropout. He
participated in Socratic discussion groups in 1921. He was inspired by the John
Stuart Mill philosopher. Alder thought was that philosophy should be integrated
in every subject and discipline which was not acceptable for most of people. He
said philosophy is everybody’s business and he spent a lifetime making
philosophy greatest texts accessible to everyone.
‘No
one can be fully educated in school, no matter how long the schooling or how
good it is, Adler
‘The
underestimation of the human intelligences is the worst sin of our time’ Adler
Paideia
Proposal by Mortimer Adler: Paideia it is a Greek word that
was used for education. With the education the training was also given in which
gymnastic, read classic and many different subjects were included. In ancient
Greece time the Greek education was called Paideia.
Paideia proposal
according to Mortimer Alder is: Paideia proposal an Educational manifesto sign
in 1982 and formed on behalf of Paideia Group. To reform K-12 education Paideia
proposal presented, and a system of broad cultural education in which one-track
system of school introduced. Paideia propose equal education opportunity for
all despite the inequality of students as individuals, & their varying home
environments. They thought from preschool to 12 age is the most important
educational years. Basic schooling must therefore provide and made available to
all children. In Paideia proposal introduction of the Socratic Method alongside
the didactic & skills instruction modes of teaching were also included.
The purpose of Paideia proposal is that
children, after acquiring proper education should be able to: to earn a living
in an intelligent and responsible fashion. Earning is not impossible for people
but here argue is when you gain an education then must earn a living in an
intelligent and responsible fashion that accommodate to continue life. To
function as intelligent & responsible citizens, to make both of these
things serve the purpose of leading intelligent & responsible lives. To
educate all American School children so they can earn a good living, enjoy full
lives, and contribute to a democratic society.
Paideia proposal is
considered a naively optimistic reform that is impossible to be exists. Alder
and his colleagues in the Paideia group assert that we should insist on
educations of superior quality for all nations (American), regardless of their
social background. As the Paideia
proposal is the way the committee members hope to create improvement. The
process of change in public schools has been studied carefully over the past
few decades, and the research is clear: attempting change from the top down is
not the most effective way. Commissions or groups issuing pronouncements about
schools without being involved in the daily business of teaching and learning
have not had note able success. The people affected must have ownership and
involvement. Because schools are
reflections of societies and school main purpose is to provide for the fullest
possible development of each learner for living morally, creatively and
productively in a democratic society. Critics considered that the Paideia proposal
is not a blue print for a new structure within which we can bring about
meaningful change in the effectiveness in schools. Rather, it is an artist’s
rendering that pays little attention either to the terrain upon which the new
structure will be built or to the practical problems of financing and
construction.
The Paideia proposal is
interesting but it reflects a view of schooling with which many thoughtful
people disagree because it assumes an unworkable strategy for change. It is
unlikely to achieve its goal of a single curriculum for all students. Its real
values may be to stimulate continuing discussion of the role of public
education in a democratic society. The single- Track core curriculum proposed
by Adler and his colleagues insist that all children learn the same things in
school. The Paideia group wants everyone to learn everything like native &
foreign language, mathematic, history, literature, geography, natural science,
fine arts and social studies. On top of this, students will take 12 years of
physical education as well as industrial arts; they will be involved in drama,
music, and the visual arts; and they'll learn how to exercise critical and
moral judgments. Critics claim that the first question is: Can all children
learn everything and become proficient in the same subjects? It is one thing to
say, many scholars and educators to do, children can acquire certain knowledge
and skill and demonstrate these skills reasonable at high levels of
achievement. It’s quite another neglect reality that successful efforts to do
this require heavy emphasis on a limited number of subjects and the adaptation
of the pace and content of learning to capabilities of students. It is also a
fact that teachers did not know many of the things that the Paideia proposal
say students need to learn.
The other reason was
that the Paideia proposal based on the assumption, that all children are the
same nature that is merely not correct because children have different nature,
where they act in a different way and desire in different way. Even if they
have same capabilities of learning the next question arise what they want to
learn and to differences in the ways they acquire, process, and integrate
information. As without interest learner did not take active participation to
achieve educational goals. These difference in interest and “learning style”
are affected not only what goes on in schools, but by difference in gene and in
home and community environments. And Paideia
proposal heavy emphasis on a core curriculum ascribes more importance to what
one learns than a love of learning and the acquisition ability to learn. A
person who belonging with society where he may change occupation five times and
where the ability to use a new information may be the most important
determinant of success. In this society need to educated a person with
abilities of change. Therefore it is important to give more importance to the
learner than to be learned. And the Paideia Proposal, which gives no attention
to practices such as examinations, Foucault sees in examinations the heart of
everything which confirms his theory of knowledge as power. The critics argue
that Adler believed in a supersensible world that exists only ideally.
Reference:
·
EDU 601, lectures, handouts, glossary, VULMS
important links
·
EDU 301, EDU 430, EDU 402 lectures
·
Google, Yahoo, Wikipedia research,
articles, blogs reading related
to topic
·
and
http://www.al-mawrid.org/index.php/articles/view/recommendations-for-improving-education-in-pakistan
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