“Four Educational Philosophies” with respect to their prominent aspects (any two). Each philosophy should be discussed precisely within 10-12 lines paragraph.

Education philosophy is a set of values and beliefs about education that guide the professional behavior of equators. It asks- what is the purpose of education?  

Definition: Educational Philosophy: The philosophical study of education and its problems, its central subject matter is education, and its methods are those of philosophy. There are four major educational philosophies, each related to one or more of the general or world philosophies just discussed. These educational philosophical approaches are currently used in classrooms the world over. They are Perennialism, Essentialism, Progressivism, and Reconstructionism. These educational philosophies focus heavily on WHAT we should teach the curriculum aspect. 

1.      Perennialism: 

Robert Hutchins and Mortimes Adler are proponents of this philosophy. Perennialism philosophy is oldest and conservative and rooted in realism and relies on the past. The goals of education according to this philosophy are that to develop timelessness virtues (justice, temperance, fortitude, and prudence); install knowledge for the sake of learning. As education aims according to philosophy to develop the rational person and to uncover universal truths by carefully training the intellect and character training is also consider important. Therefore, the purpose of curriculum aims to develop the learns' rational and moral powers and to let them use their reasoning skill and higher faculties according to their passions and appetites, so curriculum emphasis on subject matter and common core curriculum in which emphasis on arts and sciences. In short, perannialism curriculum is subject centered, liberal education and only one common curriculum for all.  The subjects like: humanities, general education, principles of natal science, philosophy, language, history, conceptual thinking subjects to be taught. According this philosophy student's role is to develop and use virtues in lives decision; and to acquire knowledge. While the teacher's roles is to install virtues; know subject matter; teach subject matter to all students. According to this philosophy teaching strategies and approaches that is the teaching is centered on the teacher. They utilize the Socratic method of teaching and mutual inquiry sessions oral exposition, lecture and explication.

2.      Essentialism:  

William Bagley is the proponent of Essentialism philosophy and later developed by Arthur Bestor and Admiral Hyman Rickover.  The Essentialism rooted in both idealism and realism. The educational goal of the philosophy is that to promote and install cultural literacy in all students and provide a common core of cultural knowledge. Therefore, the purpose of this philosophy curriculum is to help the all learners to acquire the basic skill, set, intelligence and morals for them to become model citizens. Therefore curriculum is emphasis on a uniformed curriculum for all students emphasizing subject matter and cultural knowledge. According to this philosophy subjects to be taught are: reading & writing, math, natural science, history, foreign language and literate. As Essentialism base on the conservative stance to education that strive to teach students the knowledge of society and civilization through core curriculum and to promote reasoning. And train the mind and ensure a common culture for all citizens. According to this philosophy students’ role in education is to acquire and use cultural knowledge; learn and use thinking skills. While teacher role is to provide a common core cultural literacy curriculum integrated with basic school subjects. Teaching methods are primarily subject-and teacher-centered method. It means that teachers on this school focus on the nasty of subject matter and basic skills through the use of prescribed textbooks, dill method and the lecture method. 

3.      Progressivism:  

John Dewey was the proponent of Progressivism philosophy. The educational of progressivism philosophy is to use the students’ interest as basis for understanding and ordering students' experiences. The aims of progressivism philosophy are to develop the learning to become enlightened and intelligent citizens of a democratic society. They encourage learns to live fully ‘Now’ instead of preparing for adult life. Therefore curriculum is emphasis on the students’ interest and the needs; democracy; morality; social development.  According to progressivism philosophy, subjects to be taught: skills in gather and evaluating information, problem solving skill, natural and social sciences. Where, the students’ role is to participate in formulating the purposes that are the basis for the students- centered curriculum. While teachers’ role is to act as facilitator for student learning; determine students’ interest for developing curriculum. According to progressive philosophy teaching method are: learning center; cooperative learning; students-led and initiated discussion.  It means that teachers use experimental methods in teaching that encourage the leads to gain knowledge from actual experience. Teachers in this school of educational philosophy also use the "hand-on-mind-on-hart-on" teaching methodology to let the students interact with nature and society.  

4.      Reconstructivism:  

Theodores Breameld was the proponent of Reconstructionsim. Reconstructionism is based on easily socialistic and utopian idea of the 19th century. It is society- centered philosophy. The basic concept this philosophy was that a crisis philosophy appropriate for a society in crisis. Educational goals are that use education to help solve significant social programs and, as a result, make democracy more efficient and effective. The Reconstructionists seek a curriculum that emphasizes cultural pluralism, equality and futurism. This philosophy emphasizes the addressing of social questions and a quest to create a better society and worldwide democracy. Reconstructionist educators focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of education. According this philosophy schools should be "change agents" and educate students about their place in the world and how to change the world. And curriculum is emphasis on the integrated knowledge of and solution of social problems in the regular curriculum. The student role according to philosophy is that identifies social problems and use thinking skills and knowledge to solve problems. While the teachers’ role is that facilitate process of students identifying and solving community-based problem. And teaching methods are to facilitate cooperative learning and group problem solving; encourage students to use problem-solving skills.