1. Curriculum as field of study:

1. Curriculum as field of study:

Curriculum is a broad term, it is a term that in different time, culture and in the response of different research, going to extend. It is define in different era with in the various ways. Curriculum is not objective word. The curriculum is composed of all the experiences children have under the guidance of teachers... Thus, curriculum considered as a field of study represents no strictly limited body of content, but rather a process or procedure (‘Hollis Caswell’ in Caswell & Campbell, 1935, pp.66, 70). It is a field of study with its own foundation, knowledge domains, research, theory, principles and specialist. It is more theoretical than practical. (William, 1999)

Curriculum is both a subject to be taught at colleges and universities and a field in which practitioner work.

Example 1	Example 2	Example 3	Example 4	Example 5
Genealogy, is the study or investigation of ancestry and family history	Faculty of CS and IT	Faculty of Education	Faculty of Management	Faculty of Science and Technology

2. Curriculum as field of program:

It contains the official listing of approved high school course of studies for students; courses are organized by academic department or programs. It is a comprehensive, a structured approach for delivering academic and career and technical education to prepare students for post-secondary education and career success. It can help to prepare student for college and getting a job and it helps to understand how the classes students are taking in high schools lead to a career.

Example 1	Example 2	Example 3
Masters (2-Year) Programs M.Sc. in: · Economics · Applied Psychology · Organizational Psychology · Mass Communication M.A. in: English Language Teaching (ELT)	Bachelors (2-Year) Programs BA in: · BA (Bachelor of Arts) · BA (Mass Communication) · BA (Psychology)	Bachelor of Science (4–Year) Programs BS in: · Computer Science · Information Technology · Software Engineering

3. Syllabus: syllabus is refers to the selecting and grading of content (Nunan. 1989.14)

The syllabus includes list of subjects, content outline for each subject and broad time allocations. A syllabus is simply an outline and time line of a particular course. It will typically give a bird’s eye overview, course objectives, course expectations, list reading assignments, homework, deadlines, and exam dates.

Examples:

Al-Haram Public Grammar school 379 JB

1^st Term 2018 Syllabus

Class prep

English	Book Reading Page (1 to 28), Capital Letters + Small letters + birds, animal, fruit name
English dictation	Lamp, Clock, Apple, Tree, Leaf, Dog, Box, Water, Dog, Cat, Lemon, elephant, Onion, Bus, fish, Sofa, Car, Van, pear, pen, Boy, toy, White, Owl, Book, Hen
Urdu	Book Reading page (1 to 30) حروف تہجی+ جانوروں کے نام، پرندوں کے نام، پھلوں کے نام، املا : سیب، سانپ، بندوق، درخت، تاج، اون، سورج، شاخ، خرگوش، آپ، بلی، انار، اللہ، آلو، آڑو، بکری، میز، کرسی.
Math	Book Reading page (1 to 28), counting in words one to fifty, and in figures (1 to 100). Tables : 2, 3,4, 5, 6
G.K.	Chapter (1to 7) Oral
Rhymes	1) I like 2) چڑیا بھالو
Q.E.I	پہلے تین کلیمہ ,دودھ پینے کی دعا, سونے کی دعا, کھانے کی دعا

4. Content:

Content is defined as “information to be learned in school, another term for knowledge (a collection of facts, concepts, generalization, principles, and theories)”. Content comes in any form (audio, text and video) and it informs, entertains, enlightens or teachers people who consume it.

Example: ISL 201

Table of Contents

Lecture #	Title	Page #
1	Faith	1-4
2	Taqwa	5-7
3	Obedience of God	8-9
4	Obedience of prophets and executive authority	10-12
5	Sincerity (Ikhlaas)	13-14
6	Morality of prophet	15-17
7	Practical law (Ibadat)	18-19
8	Islamic practices	20-23
9	Knowledge and its Islamic concept	24-27

Example:

Curriculum Development (EDU 402)
Table of Contents:

Lesson 01	Introduction to Curriculum	(Topic 1-7)	2
Lesson 02	Purpose and Scope of Curriculum	(Topic 8-12)	11
Lesson 03	Curriculum Domains	(Topic 13-21)	14
Lesson 04	Foundations of Curriculum I	(Topic 22-31)	20
Lesson 05	Foundations of Curriculum II	(Topic 32-38)	26
Lesson 06	Types of Curriculum	(Topic 39-43)	31
Lesson 07	Paradigms of Curriculum	(Topic 45-48)	36
Lesson 08	Social Diagnosis for Curriculum Development I	(Topic 49-54)	42
Lesson 09	Social Diagnosis for Curriculum Development II	(Topic 55-59)	47
Lesson 10	Culture and the Curriculum I	(Topic 60-63)	52
Lesson 11	Culture and the Curriculum I	(Topic 64-69)	56

5. Nature of curriculum

The word nature that we are using it is using in many different meaning. How curriculum is defined? What are the different views about the curriculum? What are the concepts of curriculum? These all use in curriculum nature.

Curriculum- word is derived from ‘Latin’ language the meaning of curriculum is

· ‘a racecourse’

· In education it’s a prescribed path/course to follow at great level, any stage, school weather it’s for teacher/students. At broad level in education, it was used as a course of study that could at any grad level.

Curriculum is a course and collection of subject that to complete over a given period of time.

The definition which emerged in 1920 was treated as the most modern definition of curriculum. According to the definition “curriculum it not the product, it is not something which is to be gathered by the end of the year at the school rather it’s a process. Curriculum includes: topics, syllabus, list of subjects, course of study, content, method, and items of knowledge to be covered, time table, organization of teaching and learning.

Example: student’s behaviour in school, assembly time to till the end of school time according to prescribed school rules and regulation. These learned behaviour practice helps him/her to become a good citizen in society.

Example: syllabus, content of subject, method teaching learning, collection of different subject matter activities for teacher and students in given time period and in order to follow a prescribe curriculum at any grad level.

In short, curriculum is all the experience which students gains right from the beginning of the day, right from the beginning at year of school till the end of the study which is included rather it’s a day or completion a school year or preparation of going next grad.

Kelly (1999) identifies three kinds of the nature of curriculum: planned curriculum, received curriculum, and hidden curriculum. Regarding classification Morris and Adamson (2010) raise the idea of null curriculum and outside curriculum on top of the three concepts stated by Kelly (1999) above. Null curriculum means topic excluded in the curriculum. Outside curriculum means knowledge students learn outside classroom and school.

Question No. 2

Compare the philosophies of Essentialism and Progressivism keeping in mind their focus, characteristics and curriculum.

Solution:

Sr. No.	Elements	Essentialism	Progressivism
1	Focus	-It focuses to instilling in students the “basics” or “essentials” of academic knowledge & character development. -It focuses to transmit traditional moral values and intellectual knowledge in the students that they need to become model citizens. - Focus on student effort and discipline. -The focus on science and understanding the world through scientific experimentation. To teach important knowledge about the world, essentialists emphasized instruction in natural science rather than non-scientific disciplines such as philosophy & comparative religion	-Focus on advance in science, technology, economic development to promote democratic and social living. -Teaching the students according to the environment in which they are living. - It focuses on student interest and curiosity. -The role of education is to transmit society’s identity by preparing young people for adult life. - The education must be based on the fact that humans are by nature social and learn best in real-life activities with other people. Education should allow learners to realize their interests and potential. -The key of this philosophy is that Learners should learn to work with others because learning in isolation separates the mind from action.
2	Characteristics	Elementary students receive instruction in skills such as writing, reading & measurement. for example like learning art and music( creativity) students are required to mast a boy of information & basic techniques, gradually moving from less to more complex skills and detailed knowledge	-It emphasis on learning by doing-hands-on projects expeditionary learning, experiential learning. It integrated curriculum focused on thematic units. Teacher should introduce students to new: • scientific, • technological, & • Social developments. To expand the personal experience of learners, learning should be related to present community life. Believing that people learn best from what they consider most relevant to their lives, the curriculum focuses on the: • Experiences’, ‘interests’, &‘abilities of students’. • Integration of several different subject areas rather than confining to one discrete discipline at a time. • exposing students to democratic values that recognize accomplishments of all citizens regardless of: - race, - cultural background & - Gender. It de-emphasis on textbooks in favour of aired learning resources It emphasis on lifelong learning and social skill
3	Curriculum	The curriculum focuses on essentials skills of the 3R’s (reading, writing and arithmetic) and essential subjects of Mathematics, English, science, natural science, foreign language, history & literature.	It emphasizes the study of the natural & social science. Curriculum - experience- centred - child- centred - growth-centred The subjects are interdisciplinary, integrative and interactive. Curriculum focused on students interest, human problems and affairs